This report provides a comprehensive description of the methodology of the GAINS-Asia model.

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Table of contents

1 Introduction

2 General approach of the GAINS model

3 Emissions and mitigation potentials

3.1 Emission estimates

3.2 Emission control measures and their costs

3.2.1 Emission control options

3.2.2 Estimates of emission control costs

3.2.3 The use of cost data in GAINS

4 Atmospheric dispersion

4.1 Atmospheric source-receptor relationships

4.1.1 Approach

4.1.2 TM5 calculations to derive source-receptor relationships

4.1.3 Subgrid parametrization of urban/rural BC+POM

4.1.4 Sensitivity analyses – linearity tests

4.1.5 Examples of source-receptor relations

4.1.6 Validation

4.1.7 Summary

4.2 The Linkage between GAINS and TM5

5 Impact assessment

5.1 Health effects of fine particulate matter in outdoor air

5.1.1 Approach

5.1.2 Implementation for China and India

5.1.3 Summary of assumptions

5.2 Health effects of ground-level ozone in outdoor air

5.3 Health impacts from indoor pollution

5.4 Vegetation impacts from ground-level ozone

5.4.1 Background

5.4.2 Exposure indices

5.4.3 GAINS approach

5.4.4 Crop production

5.4.5 Caveats

6 The GAINS cost-effectiveness optimization